The Independence of Peru was a process of civil war initiated in the first decade of the XIXth century, strengthened with the rebellion of the Cusco of 1814 and influenced by the Napoleonic invasion to Spain that finished in Ayacucho of 1824. During this trajectory, the Puneño altiplano intendency was the last realistic redoubt of the Viceroyalty of Peru and was the scene of important battles such as Umachiri (1815) and Zepita (1823). The study took as a target to analyze the socio-political-economic situation of the altiplano during the Independence process. Theinformation was organized diachronically according to the study units. Therefore, the results unveiled in the social aspect that, the revolution of the using documentary analysis and research guides Cusco and the Argentine expeditions to High Peru, demanded a big contingent of indigenous militias for the realistic army, causing the demographic descent of the puneñapopulation. On the economic side, the mandatory exchange rate of indigenous people was instrumental in sustaining the realistic army that caused a widespread crisis. While at a political level, Puno being a strategic area and last realistic bastion, the presence of the leading authorities encouraged realists / patriots in a war for hegemony and freedom.