BACKGROUND: Chronic tuberculous granulomatous mastitis (CTGM) is a rare form of tuberculosis (TB) treated primarilywith anti-TB drugs.Oncoplastic surgery (OS) has been proposed as adjuvant therapy for CTGM. METHOD: We followed for 1 year every CTGM patients and assessed the efficacy (defined as non-recurrence and no need for corticosteroids) and safety attributable to the standard anti-TB drugs therapy with and without OS. RESULT S: We analysed 128 CTGM cases, including 78 (61%) treated with OS plus anti-TB drugs and 50 (39%) with anti-TB drugs only. We observed a significantly higher efficacy among those exposed vs. unexposed to OS (100% vs. 92%; prevalence ratio [PR] 1.09, 95% CI 1.00-1.18), with no difference in the number of complications (21% vs. 8%; PR 2.56, 95% CI 0.91- 7.26). We also observed that the incidence of postoperative complications decreased by 50% when OS was postponed from after Month 1 to after completing Month 2 of anti-TB drugs treatment (19% to 8%; PR 0.46, 95% CI 0.13-1.62). CONCLUS ION: OS appears to represent an efficacious and safe adjuvant therapy when combined with anti-TB drugs in the treatment of CTGM patients, but clinical trials are needed to prove this observation.