The roe deer is a monoestrous species with a very short rutting season. The present work reports the most suitable period for collecting epididymal sperm and describes the effect of two cooling rates on the post-thaw quality of sperm. Testes were collected 24–48 h after death. Samples of sperm flushed from the epididymis were subjected to either (1) dilution in a Tris-citric acid-glucose-egg yolk-based medium with glycerol, and slow freezing in straws, or (2) dilution in the same extender but replacing the glycerol with 100 mM of sucrose, and ultra-rapid freezing in pellets. Sperm motility, acrosome and membrane integrity, morphometry and morphological abnormalities were analysed before and after cryopreservation. Spermatogenic activity was investigated via histological examination of testis sections. Several testes collected between April, May and September showed no spermatogenic activity. All those collected in June–August showed spermatogenic activity. No significant difference was detected in the cryoresistance ratios associated with the conventional slow freezing, between sperm collected during the pre-rutting (April–May) and rutting (June–August) periods. No significant differences were seen between the slow-frozen-thawed and the ultra-rapid-frozen-thawed sperm in terms of percentage of viable sperm or the percentage of sperm with morphological abnormalities. Slow freezing returned significantly better (P<0.05) values for post-thaw acrosome integrity (43.3% vs. 25.0%) and straight-line velocity (19 μm/s vs. 4 μm/s). For both freezing methods, sperm heads were smaller post-thawing than pre-freezing (P<0.001). In conclusion, both the pre-rutting and rutting season are suitable periods for freezing roe deer sperm. Ultra-rapid freezing did not provide suitable results.