Interest in berry fruits has intensified worldwide because of the multiple health-promoting phytochemicals present. Anthocyanins represent a major class of phytochemicals present in most colorful berries, and are of interest to nutritionists because of their postulated health benefits, as well as to food processors because of their colorful character and their use as natural colorants. This chapter presents an overview of the role of anthocyanins in the chemoprotective effects of berries. We will review incidence of anthocyanins in berries, their chemistry and concentration, as well as the reported literature regarding in vitro and in vivo chemoprotective studies, structure/ chemoprotection relationship, bioavailability, and the interaction of berry anthocyanins with other phytochemicals. The data presented suggests that anthocyanins play a major role in the chemoprotective effects of many berry fruits. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.