The first cancer descriptions in history are discussed according to recent fndings and their interpretation, which show it as a group of unknown diseases until the 18th century, when it started to increase to actual levels. Medical literature shows a variety of what were considered cancer lesions, which are actually different lesions. This is partly due to an etymological misunderstanding of the Greek term karkinos that, in its modern sense, meant "cancer", but also ulcerative lesion. This confusion is widely reviewed in the ancient medical literature and the main landmarks of modern cancer conception up to the 18th century are outlined.