This chapter reviews studies on the link between smoking and cervical cancer. Epidemiologic evidence strongly links smoking with squamous cell cervical cancer and high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). However, some controversy still exists as to whether the link is causal or in some way reflects residual confounding with unmeasured aspects of sexual behaviour, although the case for causality has strengthened considerably in the past few years. Attempts to adjust for sexual behaviour through variables such as age at first intercourse and number of sexual partners have generally reduced the strength of the relationship with smoking, but it has not disappeared: it remains at or above two-fold for current-smokers and shows a doseresponse relationship in many studies.