Four centuries ago Sir Francis Bacon articulated a comprehensive view on how to use the power of modern science for the benefit of humanity. Over time the Baconian program led to conceptions of progress and development associated with unlimited growth, intensive resource use and unbridled consumption. The success of Bacon's program ended up undermining its own foundations and requires a revision of development thinking and practice. In particular, climate change and technological advances are creating a new context for development and demanding behavioral and value changes. Efforts to improve the human condition in the transition to the post-Baconian age should focus on reorienting value systems, and on articulating a new program for humanity.