Free-living amoebae are abundant microorganisms in soil and water worldwide. Some species of these amoebae are capable of causing death in humans and animals, such as Naegleria fowleri (N. fowleri), Acanthamoeba sp. T4, and Balamuthia mandrillaris (B. mandrillaris). Some 98% of cases reported in the world have resulted in death. In Peru, 8 cases of meningoencephalitis due to Acanthamoeba sp. have been reported and more than 55 cases per B. mandrillaris. No case of N. fowleri has been officially documented in Perú. B. mandrillaris is difficult to diagnose and isolate in culture media. In this review we document the history of reported cases of the last 40 years and describe useful methods for their growth. Morphological and molecular identification of Balamuthia is critical to the diagnosis of amoebic meningoencephalitis.