The development of a strategy for the sustainable management and conservation of mahogany is an urgent priority. Such a strategy should be based upon clear information about the extent of genetic differentiation within and between populations, and on an understanding of the process maintaining this variation. At present, such information is very limited for mahogany. Preliminary data are presented from two genetic tests of Swietenia macrophylla King (Meliaceae), indicating significant differences between provenances and half-sib progenies in both growth and form characteristics. In addition, the use of molecular markers for the characterization of genetic resources of mahogany is discussed. On the basis of the results available, the impacts of deforestation and logging activities on genetic resources are evaluated. Although both deforestation and selective logging may deplete genetic resources, no quantitative information on the extent of such depletion in mahogany is currently available. Additional research is therefore required before clear guidelines can be provided for the sustainable management of mahogany.