Germline mutations in the human DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes MSH2 and MLH1 are associated with the inherited cancer disorder Lynch syndrome (LS), also known as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer or HNPCC. A proportion of MSH2 and MLH1 mutations found in suspected LS patients give rise to single amino acid substitutions. The functional consequences in regard to pathogenicity of many of these variants are unclear. We have examined the functionality of a panel of MLH1 missense mutations found in LS families, by testing the variant proteins in functional assays, addressing subcellular localization, and protein-protein interaction with the dimer partner PMS2 and the MMR-associated exonuclease 1. We show that a significant proportion of examined variant proteins have functional defects in either subcellular localization or protein-protein interactions, which is suspected to lead to the cancer phenotype observed in patients. Moreover, the obtained results correlate well with reported MMR activity and with in silico analysis for a majority of the variants. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.