Aims: To assess the effect of fibrates on circulating cystatin C levels. Material and methods: Clinical studies evaluating the effect of a fibrate on circulating cystatin C levels were searched in PubMed-Medline, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. A random-effect model and generic inverse variance method were used for quantitative data synthesis, sensitivity analysis conducted using the leave-one-out method, and weighted random-effects meta-regression performed to evaluate potential confounders on cystatin C levels. Results: This meta-analysis of data from nine published studies (16 treatment arms) involved a total of 2195 subjects. In a single-arm analysis of clinical trials (without control group; eight studies comprising 14 treatment arms), fibrate therapy increased circulating cystatin C concentrations (WMD: 0.07 mg/dL, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.10, p <.001; I 2 = 82.66%). When the analysis was restricted to randomized controlled trials (four studies comprising six treatment arms), again elevation of circulating cystatin C levels was observed (WMD: 0.06 mg/L, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.09, p <.001; I 2 = 42.98%). Elevated cystatin C levels were only seen with fenofibrate and not with other fibrates. Conclusions: The results suggest that fenofibrate treatment adversely affects cystatin C levels and might partially explain the limited efficacy of fenofibrate in reducing cardiovascular events.Key message Fenofibrate treatment adversely affects cystatin C levels and might partially explain the limited efficacy of fenofibrate in reducing cardiovascular events.