This chapter provides a broad overview of key opportunities, tradeoffs, and risks that face international agricultural development as a result of the biofuels revolution. Five dynamics are discussed: energy security, food security and rural development, environmental impacts, technical innovation, and policy or institutional roles. Developed nations tend to place more emphasis on the environmental benefits and impacts of biofuels, whereas poorer nations tend to focus more on rural development impacts and risks of rich-poor disparities. For many nations, the energy security issue ultimately trumps other considerations in the formulation of many national biofuel policies, both in developed and developing countries. The quantity of transportation fuel needed by developed countries is far larger than for developing countries, and this influences the relative contribution that biofuels can make to achieve energy security. The option of using “marginal” or “wastelands” for biofuels cropping to avoid competition with farmlands is often advocated.