Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) nanorod arrays have been prepared via a novel templated electrodeposition process and were characterized for their photocatalytic behavior in nonaqueous photoelectrochemical cells. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorod films serve as sacrificial templates for the in situ formation of polymer nanopore membranes on transparent conductive oxide substrates. Nitrocellulose and poly(lactic acid) are effective membrane-forming polymers that exhibit different modes of template formation, with nitrocellulose forming conformal coatings on the ZnO surface while poly(lactic acid) acts as an amorphous pore-filling material. Robust template formation is sensitive to the seeding method used to prepare the precursor ZnO nanorod films. Photoelectrochemical cells prepared from electrodeposited Cu2O films using methyl viologen as a redox shuttle in acetonitrile electrolyte exhibit significant charge recombination that can be partially suppressed by a combination of surface passivation methods. Surface-passivated nanostructured Cu2O films show enhanced photocurrent relative to planar electrodeposited Cu2O films of similar thickness. We have obtained the highest photocurrent ever reported for electrodeposited Cu2O in a nonaqueous photoelectrochemical cell.