Background: Understanding floristic and geographic patterns in one of the most biodiverse regions in the world – the Atlantic forest of eastern Bahia, Brazil – can identify the drivers of diversity in tropical forests and provide useful information for biological conservation. Aims: To understand the role of both climate and geographical location on variation in tree species composition in a region characterised by an abrupt transition from wet forests to semi-arid thorn-woodlands. To test whether a regional classification of forests according to elevation belts and leaf flush pattern is consistent with floristic composition. Methods: We submitted 14,094 tree species occurrence records and 31 geo-climatic variables prepared for 57 sites in eastern Bahia, Brazil, to multivariate and regression analyses and variance partitioning. Results: Climate and space were both significantly (P ≤ 0.05) contributing to explaining floristic variations. Actual evapotranspiration, duration of water deficit, and minimum temperature of coldest month were the main predictors. Floristic differences were significant except when comparing evergreen lower plains and upper plains forests. Conclusions: Although distance among sites may play an important role, species composition is chiefly influenced by environmental gradients. This highlights environmental heterogeneity as a key factor in the planning of biodiversity conservation in tropical forests.