Learning Objectives: After reading this chapter and answering the discussion questions that follow, you should be able to Present a concise overview of the global burden of TB among women and children, highlighting differences in trends in developed and less-developed countries. Identify risk factors for childhood TB and discuss the challenges of diagnosing and tracking TB in children. Describe the pathogenesis of TB and discuss the relationship between TB and HIV/AIDS. Appraise the global challenges posed by multidrug-resistant TB. Critically assess options for treatment and prevention of TB among women and children, and discuss the associated challenges. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009.