Background aims. The treatment of peripheral vascular disease (PVD) with stem cells potentially offers a promising strategy. We tested marrow-isolated adult multilineage-inducible (MIAMI) cells to induce neovascularization in a mouse model of critical hindlimb ischemia (CLI). Methods. CLI was induced in the right hindlimb of Balb/C mice. One million MIAMI cells, normally grown at 3% O2, were injected in the adductor muscle along the ischemic region. All animals (n 11 per group) were immunosuppressed with cyclosporine daily for the entire period. Human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were used as controls. Blood perfusion in the ischemic right and non-ischemic left hindlimbs was measured. Results. Compared with animals receiving HFF cells or PBS, MIAMI cells significantly improved blood perfusion, necrosis and inflammation in the ischemic limb. A fraction of injected MIAMI cells expressed CD31 and von Willebrand factor (vWF). MIAMI cells in vitro, under pro-angiogenic growth conditions, differentiated into endothelial-like cells and expressed endothelial markers such as CD31 and vWF, determined by quantitative reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and CD31 and kinase insert domain receptor (KDR), determined by immunofluorescence. Moreover, MIAMI cells formed vascular endothelial-like tubules in the presence of matrigel. Bioplex immunoassay analysis showed increased secretion of angiogenic/anti-inflammatory factors by the MIAMI cells under 3% O2 compared with 21% O2, including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), fractalkine (Ftk), growth-related oncogene (GRO), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8. Furthermore, transcripts for anti-inflammatory molecules stanniocalcin-1 (STC-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated gene 6 (TSG-6) were up-regulated several fold. Conclusions. MIAMI cells can be very useful for patients affected by CLI. MIAMI cells promote blood vessel formation and reduce inflammation and necrosis in ischemic tissue. © 2011 Informa Healthcare.