An ability to store cells (if they cannot be used fresh) reduces cell wastage, thereby increasing the supply of transplantable material. Cell storage is also valuable in scientific research, allowing material to be archived and experiments to be repeated from the same tissue source and facilitating research collaboration by allowing stored samples to be distributed. Cryopreservation is currently considered the most promising and successful, long-term biological conservation method. Its use has led to optimizing survival, improving protocols and stem cell and neuroglia viability, thereby assuring its future use in neuroregeneration and restoration regarding cell therapy. The success of conservation processes in ensuring cell viability depends on aspects such as the characteristics, cells’ cryobiological behavior, isolation methodologies, cell freezing, the use and choice of cryoprotectants and such aspects’ influence on intra- and extra-cellular dynamics. This review deals with cells’ cryobiological behavior, cryopreservation and cryoprotectants, emphasizing on stem cell and neuroglial populations as therapeutic target regarding nervous system diseases.