The Lisbon Agenda and e-Europe 2002 and 2005 plans aimed to promote the European information and knowledge society. Although public participation was not a priority in the first phase, since 2005, the EU has shifted its strategy, promoting the creation of the Single European Information Space and fostering citizens' electronic participation, making it sometimes depend on e-inclusion, sometimes on governance. The i2010 program was a step towards the use of the European electronic space for citizen participation. The recent Digital Agenda for Europe, however, does not seem to prioritize e-participation, although it maintains plans for the e-inclusion and e-government.