Title
Feeding, oviposition behavior, life cycle, and natural enemies of hamadryas feronia (Nymphalidae) in the Peruvian amazon
Date Issued
01 January 2021
Access level
open access
Resource Type
journal article
Publisher(s)
Universidad de Costa Rica
Abstract
Introduction: Hamadryas feronia feronia, which mimics the bark of trees and often makes attention-grabbing sounds when flying, has good potential for bio-business (export, handicrafts and tourist breeding centers). However, its biological aspects are still unknown, which hinder its captive breeding. Objectives: To determine the biological aspects of feeding, oviposition behavior, life cycle and natural enemies of Hamadryas feronia feronia L. in San Rafael-Indiana, Loreto, Peru. Methods: Sampling was conducted from January 2018 to December 2019 in the community of San Rafael, Amazon River. Adults were observed during the day, their food plants, oviposition behavior, biological cycle and natural enemies were recorded. The life cycle was evaluated in the laboratory, using 20 eggs recently deposited on the leaves of their host plant. Results: The larvae of H. feronia feronia feed on the leaves of Dalechampia juruana and the adults feed on the bark sap of Cedrela odorata, Spondias mombin, Uncaria guianensis and the fermented fruits of Syzygium malaccense and Pouteria caimito. Adults fly on sunny days, males emit a loud sound when flying. Females prior to oviposition flit irregularly around their host plant between 8.00 and 14.00 h and deposit their eggs on the upper and underside of leaves in isolation, most frequently on the underside. The duration of the cycle from egg to adult was 28.24 days. The average egg period was 3.75 ± 0.40 days. The larvae passed through five larval instars: the first instar 3.21 ± 1.03 days, the second 2.78 ± 0.73 days, the third 2.67 ± 0.77 days, the fourth 3.22 ± 0.81 days, and the fifth 4.61 ± 0.70 days. The prepupal period lasted 1.33 ± 0.49 days and the pupal period 6.67 ± 0.80 days; the adults hatched between 10:00 to 11:00 h. Adult males lived on average 31.80 ± 3.29 days, the female 42.00 ± 2.14 days and their eggs were parasitized by a microhymenopteran (Scelionidae). Conclusions: This study allowed to know the biological aspects of H. feronia feronia identifying its food plants of both larvae and adults, its oviposition behavior, as well as it has been determined that it has a relatively short biological cycle with a period of less than one month and its eggs are consumed by a small Hymenoptera that can hinder its production. This work provides necessary information to develop the breeding of H. feronia feronia, oriented to its conservation, environmental education and biotrade (tourism and handicrafts) in the Peruvian Amazon.
Start page
524
End page
533
Volume
69
Issue
2
Language
Spanish
OCDE Knowledge area
Biología reproductiva
Scopus EID
2-s2.0-85108850760
Source
Revista de Biologia Tropical
ISSN of the container
00347744
Sponsor(s)
Este trabajo fue apoyado por el “Programa Nacional de Innovación para la Competitividad y Productividad, Innóvate-Perú” a través del subproyecto “Modelos tecnológicos de crianza de 10 especies de mariposas diurnas para su aprovechamiento en bionegocios en la Región Loreto”, conducido por la Dirección de Investigación en Biodiversidad Amazónica Terrestre del Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana en cooperación con la Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana. Los autores agradecen a Pedro Vela García por su apoyo durante los muestreos y evaluaciones en el campo y laboratorio. A Alesandro Tupia por las tomas fotografías de las mariposas, a Manuel Martin Brañas y Juan José Bellido Collahuacho por la revisión del manuscrito.
Sources of information: Directorio de Producción Científica Scopus