The two general regions of humid forest above 1500 m elevation in the Andes of Peru differ in extent and history of natural and human-caused forest fragmentation. The naturally fragmented montane forests found in humid areas of the highlands (7-18°S) and those on the W slopes of the Andes (7-12°S) need programs that make wise use of the remaining forests for watershed protection and for forest products used by local human communities. The naturally nonfragmented montane forests of N Peru's mountaintops (4.5-7°S) and those of the E slopes of the Andes (5-15°S) offer important opportunities for conservation and protection programs. -from Authors