This study offers a panoramic view of the relation between the development of naturalist studies and the control of territory in Peru from the mid-nineteenth century through the first decades of the twentieth. Notable scientific development took place during this period, in terms of research and of academic institutions. Both research and academe enjoyed the support of the State, which had greater resources within its reach following the period of relative instability subsequent to Independence in 1821. Although this process of development was fragmented and discontinuous, it resulted in the first mapmaking work and geographic and naturalist studies, as well as the creation of communication pathways. Further, it was justified by its potential contribution to an export economy and to the cultural prestige of civilian elites.