This chapter discusses the biology, ecology and aquaculture of the scallop, Argopecten purpuratus, in Peru. Of several scallop species, this is the only one exploited and cultured in Peru. During the last three decades, this resource has become one of the most important molluscs in Peru in terms of export value with volume greatly fluctuating since the onset of the export business in the early 1980s. The impact of El Niño on the population of A. purpuratus is discussed by regions in Peru, being favourable in central and southern Peru and detrimental in northern Peru. Conversely, the scallop production in northern Peru is augmented during cold years. Since most of the scallop production is dependent on seed extraction from natural banks, the use of artificial collectors and the production of larvae in hatcheries is proposed and discussed. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.