Encephalitis developing after prolonged antineoplastic therapy in two patients with Hodgkin's disease and in one with multiple myeloma was found at autopsy to be caused bi toxoplastnosis. To better understand the pathogenesis of the brain lesions, ranging from microscopic foci to some having a diameter of 6 cm. and characterized by proliferation of the organisms at the margins of expanding necrosis, an animal model was studied. Similar lesions were produced in hamsters by inducing relapse of chronic latent toxoplasmosis through administration of cortisone, cyclopliospliamide, or whole body irradiation, but toxic doses of nitrogen mustard and urethane did not precipitate relapse. Notably, relapsing toxoplastnosis generally involves the brain exclusively, suggesting a special susceptibility related to immune mechanisms. The roles of cells and of antibodies in immune surveillance against this chronic infection in otherwise normal hosts are considered. In man the suppression of cellular immunities by certain antineoplastic agents would seem to be decisive in causing relapse of toxoplasmosis, rather than the replacement of immunologically active cells by neoplasm. Because the infection can be controlled with sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine, a high index of suspicion is essential to detect incipient cerebral toxoplasmosis. Serial serologic testing is helpful by demonstrating titer elevations; however, poor antibody production or transferred antibody may be misleading clinically when single tests are evaluated. Similarly, a poor inflammatory cell response can make it difficult for the histopathologist to detect small lesions in these patients.†Professor of Pathology, Department of Pathology and Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.‡Lecturer, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis. Pathologist, Medical Division, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Inc., Oak Ridge, Tennessee.§Professor of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Unlversldad Peruana Cayetano lleredia, Lima, Peru, Present appointment, Instituto de Patologia, Hospital Vargas, Caracas, Venezuela. © 1975 W.B. Saunders Company.